Intermittent Mechanism

By Elle Thompson

(Disclaimer: This post is based on my perspective on a play-through of Obra Dinn. I realize that others might solve/think about solving the mystery differently so take this as more of a take-away post than a generalization about the game at large.)

The Return of Obra Dinn, though a complex mystery, is largely a game of well-informed guess and check. The player’s primary agency and interaction with the investigation is through observation and deduction. The pocket watch allows the player to step into the memories of the deceased former crew of the Obra Dinn and relive still frames of their last moments. Through these memories, the player is expected to ascertain “the identity and fate of everyone aboard.” And although the game provides the player with a wealth of clues, many of them are obscured, and only accessible through a Sherlock Holmsian level of niche observation on the character’s actions, words, whereabouts, and appearances. With sixty identities and fates to solidify, the game would be all but impossible without a confirmation system.

The confirmation system in Obra Dinn comes in sets of threes. The player must correctly identify three individuals’ names, fate/cause of death, and sometimes the responsible party for their deaths. All three details within the journal entry must be correct before it counts towards a correct identity. A name can be correctly matched but if the fate or cause of death is wrong it does not count towards the three cases needed, and vice versa. However, once the player is reasonably confident in at least two of these identities or narrows their pool of identities, it becomes easier to abuse the system and guess and check names and fates until they receive a “Well Done” notification from the system.

This produces a level of confirmation bias that seems antithetical to the mechanical intention of careful observation and deduction carried throughout the game. To illustrate this juxtaposition it is important to take a close look at the clues and methods of deduction actively encouraged by the game to deduce the identities of the “unknown souls” and their “unknown fates.”

Unknown Souls

There are sixty names on the crew manifest. Each of those names has a corresponding occupation and country of origin listed.

The occupation can often be a helpful clue when observing an individual’s actions on board the ship. For example, there is a scene in which Huang Li, a topman, is killed by a lightning strike when climbing the ship’s rigging. It stands to reason that the others who have climbed the rigging with him are also topmen and therefore narrows their possible names as well as their location in the crew sketches (conveniently crew of the same rank tend to stand together). The sketch is also a helpful resource for consulting crew uniforms and matching like crew members with already identified members of the same occupation.

The same trick can be used for the country of origin a little less subtly. The Formosa nobles, for example, have their own labeled section of the sketch titled “Formosan Royalty.” Therefore any crew picture that matches those four faces is of four names marked as Formosan in the Manifest. Audio Queues can also be used to differentiate between crew countries of origin, as some crew members converse in, exclaim in, or translate for other languages. A quick Google search of the transcribed dialogue can match a crew member to a country and therefore narrow down or completely solve the crew member’s identity based on the manifest. 

Unfortunately, this narrow and direct correlation between race, nationality, and identity can lead to pretty blatant profiling in order to deduce identities. For example, there are four Indian seamen, two of whom get sick and die from illness, two of whom are crushed to death. Only one character is named in dialogue “Syed,” and the rest are never named out loud leaving the easiest course of action to cycle through their names with the crew members identified speaking to him in Hindi.

Similarly, there is little to no differentiation between the Chinese crew members, who are identified in the scene by looking vaguely Asian and serving as translators for the Formosan nobles. The four Chinese crew members are all topmen, and all have little to no plot relevance, leaving the simplest course of action to cycle through their names with the Asian characters from the sketch. 

It is also relevant to note that both the sets of Indian Seamen and Chinese Topmen deductions are structured like dominos. If the player correctly identifies one or two of these characters, it stands to reason that the only other Asian or Indian-looking faces in the sketch must belong to the remaining names. This imparts some degree of flippancy in the deduction of these groups and rewards race-based deduction instead of proper investigation into these characters’ identities that other characters (namely Europeans) require. 

(Disclaimer: According to the Wiki there are other ways of learning these crew members’ identities such as matching their bunk numbers to their shoes. However, considering the pixelation and similarity of the niche outfit cues, and the explicit correlation between race and identity, the point still stands.)

Unknown Fates

There are 24 fates, or causes of death or disappearance, that can be matched to those names. Some of these fates have sub-fates, such as “Shot” which has the subcategories of “canon,” “gun,” and “arrow.” Some of these fates will not be matched to a cause of death at all, and some are used multiple times. All of these fates rely on mostly visual cues to deduce the manner of death by identifying a weapon or attacker. There are exceptions, like illness and environmental hazards, however, those are also heavily reliant on visual observation of the scene.

Although some deaths are simple to deduce, such as the Kraken/beast tearing a man in two and spilling his pixelated guts, others are purposefully or unfortunately obscured. For example, during “The Doom,” chapter, the player must deduce the fate of several characters who were thrown overboard by inferring when they are present in one scene and not the next. This is difficult but not impossible given enough attention and backtracking through the memories. Less intentionally obscure, however, is the fate of characters like Bun-Lan Lim who was clawed to death by a “beast.” 

The clawing part, however, is up for debate as seen in the image, it is incredibly unclear what the beast is doing to her (biting? eating? poisoning?) nor does it necessarily look fatal in comparison with other fates in the same boat as her (speared, drug overboard). The other Formosan noble, It-Beng Sia, meets a similarly confusing fate as he “burns to death” after opening a chest. The pixelated and monochromatic art style leaves both of their deaths unclear regardless of deduction prowess and effort. The only way to deduce either of their fates is through a process of elimination and testing with reasonable confidence in two other individuals’ fates. This leaves the player to rely on abusing the confirmation system blindly instead of relying on the visual evidence presented.

Guardrails

However present the instinct and reward of confirmation bias might be, there are some guardrails put in place by the game to discourage random guessing and impulsive deduction. For example, when a player attempts to identify a character, whether it be based on generalization like in the case of race and nationality, the process of elimination like in the case of pixelated graphics, or other shortcuts, the game will warn them against guessing without proper information. 

This is more of a discouraging attempt than a hard stop as players can still select “try anyways,” but the passive aggressiveness of that diction suggests that the player is attempting to play the game in a way the developer did not intend but is willing to tolerate. 

The game also implies at multiple points that there will be times, regardless of the player’s investigative prowess, when they do not have enough information to make a solid identification of all the individuals. While not as direct as the previous example, this implies that the player should try their absolute best instead of getting roadblocked or resorting to desperate methods. Instead of giving in to random guessing players can work with the evidence they have and revisit the memories with new insights. 

Takeaway

Overall The Return of Obra Dinn, while seemingly at odds with itself mechanically, does a decent job of discouraging guess and check confirmation bias through these guardrails and the sheer volume of information players are asked to sift through. After all, it would take as much or more time to guess through 60 names than to pay attention and carefully sift through it with an investigative eye. While I have my complaints and criticisms as detailed above, they are not game or immersion-breaking at any point and it is still a fantastic example of investigative fiction that asks the player to step into the detective’s shoes without handholding. 

The 1975 Italian investigative horror film Deep Red attempts to tell a detective story, following a ruthless murderer who seems to consistently be one step ahead of him. It seems to pride itself in not pulling its punches in its graphic depictions of its deaths: one character is drowned in scalding hot water, another’s head is smashed against a desk corner repeatedly, and a third is dragged by a garbage truck and then gets his head crushed by the wheel of a moving vehicle. But who performs these violent acts? Well, the last one is an accident, so nobody, but as the lead detective Marcus Daly (who is not an actual Detective, but rather a jazz conductor who, for some reason, heads this case despite having no relation to the first victim besides being a minor witness) follows a thread that continues to wind and weave through different locations, the identity of the person committing these crimes is cloaked in a brown leather trench coat with black leather gloves… or is it?

At the end of the movie, it is revealed that the murderer is completely visible in a single shot at the beginning of the movie, as Marcus searches the first victim’s apartment. This shot is set up in a very specific way: it depicts Marcus walking down a hallway filled with paintings, the camera positioned behind him, capturing the left side of the hallway as it follows him walking. At roughly the middle of the hallway, there is a diverging path that goes off to the left, and from that little bit of wall that can be seen, a mirror reflecting a similar painting can be seen. He continues walking, but later returns to the hallway and is unable to find the painting he noticed in his initial passthrough. At the end of the movie it is revealed that the painting was not in fact removed, but rather was a different painting with the murderer standing in front of it, face fully pointed at the mirror, and thus at the camera. When it came out, this single shot was a huge deal in the scene, and is largely the reason this film is remembered today. Nobody had ever seen this bold of a clue hidden in an investigative story before. It set a new standard for what was possible in a detective film, and made the genre even more enticing to consume, with eagle-eyed viewers really believing that they would be able to figure out whodunnit if they paid close enough attention.

That being said, I think that this moment is absolutely ridiculous. First off, the murderer revealed in this scene had not been even seen on screen yet, so anyone who noticed the shot for what it was wouldn’t make a connection, but instead be confused, which is exactly what happened to me. When I first watched this scene, though I couldn’t tell what specifically was off, this shot immediately set off alarm bells in my head that something was up. To me, the shot just looked like passing a hallway with a person standing in it, and I was really lost as to why that kind of just got ignored in the moment. Furthermore, when he went back and noticed the painting was different and began searching for it, I only became more confused as I had already understood what was meant to be the supposed plot twist at the end. Upon analyzing it further, I think that something else which makes this reveal not work is the very specific camerawork used; so specific, in fact, that it isn’t seen anywhere else in the film. Deep Red is comprised nearly completely out of still shots, and the shots that are moving generally are used to provide a fuller view of the space than would be possible with a still shot. But why is it so then that this shot couldn’t be explained by giving further exposure to this hallway? Well, the shot only shows, at most, 1/3 of the hallway. If the shot was meant to give the audience a better sense of the apartment’s layout, it would follow Marcus from directly behind, allowing a view of both walls and giving an idea of the room he is walking toward. As a result of this, this shot feels intentional to an extent where something feels off.

Setting my critiques of the shot aside, what Deep Red attempts did indeed push the boundary for what was possible in an investigative film, and paved the way for many that followed it. Directors, cinematographers, and screenplay writers learned from Deep Red (in both its successes and failures) as to how to better give the audience the chance to “solve the riddle” before the answer is given. For example, in Rian Johnson’s 2019 murder mystery Knives Out, subtle hints can be potentially noticed, giving characters context and even alibis. One specific instance of this happens when dealing with the relationship between Linda Drysdale, daughter of the murdered Harlan Thrombey, and her husband Richard. Before being murdered, Harlan finds out that Richard is cheating on Linda, and threatens to tell her with a letter in an envelope. After his death, Richard goes through Harlan’s desk and finds the letter, opening it and finding a blank sheet of paper. Annoyed at Harlan’s seemingly empty threat, he leaves it on the desk torn open. But not two scenes later, Linda can be seen remembering her father by going through old letters he has given to her, and the paper can be seen having singed edges, hinting to the audience that the letters are written in invisible ink, and can be revealed by holding a flame beneath them; this idea is later explained more explicitly, but this single small shot, intentionally included, allows for the audience to make this connection much earlier on, giving character information to the relationships between Harlan, Linda, and Richard, and as a result allowing viewers to come to more formed conclusions about characters and their motives for murdering Harlan.

In all, the inclusion of this “aha moment” in Deep Red, in retrospect, feels confusing, disappointing, and underwhelming. It allows viewers to make a connection not by giving them a hidden clue, but just hiding the answer in plain sight. While this technique is overall a failure in Deep Red, the film’s pioneering of this technique displayed what is possible for more modern detective stories, and as a result, can be recognized in its on right as a success for the genre as a whole.

By Tyler Ziemba

By Tara Makhija

When Covid first hit back in early 2020 I remember I would take to Club Penguin to “hang out” with friends during isolation. It got old quick–Club Penguin, while inherently a more social platform, didn’t actually have much you could do with your friends. Really, the most social it got was trying to tip the iceberg or trying to start a minigame at the same time as your friend on the same server in order to get paired with them. And while I know several other people also tried to go back to their roots and end up on the Summit server, the world was itching for a non-gamer-friendly online game good enough to use an excuse to play with their friends.

Among Us had existed for a few years before that point but never quite took off. There was no need, I suppose. Gamers had more gamer-y games to play, Among Us was a little bit too fun, in a tacky, summer camp way. Non-gamers would have had no reason to know it existed. But then all of a sudden people had nothing else to do. I remember signing up for email alerts from ten different websites just trying to buy a Nintendo Switch. I don’t even like video games. But people were just looking for something, be it Tiger King or whipped coffee or some sort of social video game. And so Among Us took off, along with Jackbox games. But Among Us was indubitably the one that went the most viral, probably due to its ease of access.

Unlike Jackbox games, Among Us didn’t require a Steam account or even a specific video game console. Anyone could play it. It was simple to share links with friends. Anyone could learn the rules within the span of a 5 minute game. It had tasks, it had deception, it had social deduction. The game was more fun when you knew the people you played with, because it made the accusations all the more personable. It was lighthearted, which meant that it never really grew old, it just grew ironic.

The structure of the game was simple. You’re a little alien on a spaceship trying to complete certain tasks to make it run. There’s an imposter trying to stop you and kill everyone. They don’t have tasks. By asking people about their tasks and seeing what location they’re at people try to figure out who the imposter is. If you’re the imposter, you also have to keep some basic things in mind. Don’t vent to a separate room (an imposter-only ability) in front of people. Don’t kill someone in a group. Always have an alibi for why you were in a room ready (what tasks are you going to say you were assigned?). Among Us isn’t the best game for truth-tellers.

The reason it succeeded laid in its simplicity. As I mentioned earlier, it was designed to be easy to pick up, it was designed to be easy to access, it was designed to be easy to play regardless of gaming background. But more than just that, the graphics of the game were simple. This is arguably directly tied to its ability to go viral. Among Us quickly made its way across various internet channels. The graphics made it well adapted to meme formats. It even took over Gen Z linguistics, and served as the origin of the shorthand “sus” that people still use regularly, four years later. I remember a friend of mine from high school made us all fuse-bead keychains of our Among Us characters. In freshman year of college, our RH gave us all Among Us stickers. I even made my friend an Among Us friendship bracelet/keychain because even if I never got into it, he was obsessed with it. Among Us became a social phenomenon outside of the game itself. It invaded social media, but also the tactile, which simply never would have been possible to the extent it happened with a game with more complex graphics. Among Us’s simplicity also made it well suited for tactile or pixel-art-esque elements. And its character customization ability made it appeal younger audiences.

Then, older audiences found Among Us integrated into their daily lives more and more too. In my freshman year of college, our house’s weekly study breaks would be Among Us nights. I imagine internship icebreakers could utilize the game too. And soon its network effect amplified it like crazy–you only had to have one friend that had heard of it to end up playing it. And unlike its Mafia-type social deduction counterparts, the game was more fun the less seriously you took it. In a Covid environment, those attributes made it the perfect game.

Among Us took off because of circumstance. While fun, the fact it didn’t gain popularity until two years after its release does indicate a heavy correlation with Covid in its success. Covid also made people more active on social media in attempts to connect with their friends. So its presence in memes and other media-based formats grew because it had a larger audience engaging with it. Its a fun game, and its traits of simplicity and accessibility were key to its success in Covid times and going forward.